Thursday, September 13, 2012

Digital Detectives: hunt and Seizure of Electronic Devices - When the 4th Amendment Does Not Apply

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The personal computer (Pc) has ushered in a fully new way of living for people worldwide. Every day of the week, hundreds of millions of people spend countless hours on their Pcs, tablets and movable devices to deal with their emails, surfing the Internet, add to or modify easy and complex files, and limitless other online activities...but so does the criminal element.

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The bad guys are very active in the data revolution and use the very same devices you may be using, but for unlawful, personal gain. All too often their computers supply the actual means of committing crimes. Some of the uses comprise the availability for thieves to grab your personal records; computers are used to distribute child pornography; a drug dealer, "Madam" or "Bookie" may avow their client lists in spreadsheet databases; emails may be used to transport threats or sell fraudulent corporal objects along with stolen property.

This criminal operation also generates a bread crumb trail of digital evidence that, and with skillful discharge from the warehouse devices, will often lead to criminal convictions.

Digital detectives are the most recent cadre of specialists in the war against crime, and in-depth training and firsthand sense are basic requirements before the student ever touches a computer or smart phone.

Along with the availability of opportunities for the aspiring belief man or cyberthief, is a naïve, unsuspecting social that undoubtedly believes that the internet is a safe place to be. We have seen a dramatic increase in cybercrime over the past several years, and this requires law enforcement and prosecutors to be best able to accumulate electronic evidence residing in myriad electronic devices. Electronic records such as computer network logs, email, word processing and image files increasingly supply the cybersleuth with valuable evidence in criminal cases.

There are two primary sources of the law governing electronic evidence in criminal investigations: the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the statutory privacy laws codified at 18 U.S.C. -- 2510-22, 18 U.S.C.-- 2701-12, and 18 U.S.C. -- 3121-27. Although constitutional and statutory issues often overlap on occasion, most investigations gift a constitutional concern under the Fourth Amendment or a statutory issue under the above three statutes.

For more definite information, please consult the Dept. Of Criminal Justice Manual:(Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations)

As is always the case, the Fourth Amendment to The Constitution is open to the interpretation by the courts. But case law and the statutes listed above effort to fill in the gaps. The Fourth Amendment to the Bill of rights serves as a safeguard against unreasonable hunt and seizure. So the question that will often raise its ugly head is, do we need a hunt warrant?

There is no quick answer this. As a normal rule, many investigators find it most expeditious to get a warrant. When in doubt-write it out. Of course there are several exceptions that permit warrantless searches of electronic devices. Here are just some of the situations when warrantless searches have been sanctioned by the courts:

Consent Search: First, we need to understand...when does a hunt exceed the scope of consent? For example, when an individual consents to the search, to what extent does the consent authorize the seizure of data stored in computers at a singular location? Second, who is the authorized party that can consent to the search? May roommates, friends, and relatives give the authority to a hunt of someone else's computer files?

Exigent Circumstances: The irregularity to the requirement for a hunt warrant applies when one of the following circumstances is present: (1) the evidence is in imminent danger of being destroyed-either accidentally or on purpose; (2) a threat exists that may put whether the police or the social in danger; (3) the police are in "hot pursuit" of an individual; or (4) the imagine is likely to take flight before a hunt warrant can be secured.

Search Incident to a legal Arrest: The rulings began with pagers and now it extends to cell phones and other personal electronic devices carried on the person. The courts have ordinarily agreed that the hunt incident to arrest doctrine applies to such movable devices. But a Pc sitting on a desk over the room would not be carefully "incident to arrest," unless, of course, the computer screen was displaying child pornography, which would be in... Plain view.

Plain View: To rely on this exception, the legal must be in such a position to eye and identify the evidence for what it is, and the incriminating character seen on the expedient must be immediately apparent and not field to individual interpretation.

Inventory Searches: This irregularity to the warrant requirement is valid when two conditions are met.

First, the hunt must serve a lawful, non-investigative purpose (e.g., to safe the electronic expedient while he/she is in custody; thus insuring against claims of lost, stolen, or damaged property; that outweighs the violation of the individual's Fourth Amendment rights.

Second, the hunt must succeed standardized procedures as reported in Colorado v. Bertine, 479 U.S. 367, 374 n.6 -1987 and Florida v. Wells, 495 U.S. 1, 4-5 -1990

Border Searches: In order to safe the government's quality to seize contraband and other unlawful asset along with guns, narcotics and drugs that may enter or exit the United States illegally, the U.S. Supreme Court has offered a special irregularity to the warrant necessity for searches that occur along the borders extending thousands of miles nearby the United States.

Conditions of Probation and Parole: Individuals on probation, parole, or supervised release have no prospect of privacy in most matters and may be field to warrantless searches based on a reasonable suspicion-without any singular suspicion bring apparent.

The Dept. Of Justice hand-operated listed above is an excellent source of electronic hunt guidelines. It was written for use by prosecutors and defense attorneys, but it should be required reading for all digital detectives.

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